Phân tích các đa thức sau thành nhân tử:
a) \({\left( {a + b} \right)^2} – {m^2} + a + b – m\)
b) \({x^3} – 6{x^2} + 12x – 8\)
c) \({x^2} – 7xy + 10{y^2}\)
d) \({x^4} + 2{x^3} – 4x – 4 = 0.\)
a) \({\left( {a + b} \right)^2} – {m^2} + a + b – m \)
\(= \left( {a + b + m} \right)\left( {a + b – m} \right) + \left( {a + b – m} \right)\)
\( = \left( {a + b – m} \right)\left( {a + b + m + 1} \right).\)
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b) \({x^3} – 6{x^2} + 12x – 8 = {\left( {x – 2} \right)^3}\)
Cách khác:
\({x^3} – 6{x^2} + 12x – 8\)
\(= \left( {{x^3} – 8} \right) – 6x\left( {x – 2} \right)\)
\( = \left( {x – 2} \right)\left( {{x^2} + 2x + 4 – 6x} \right)\)
\(= {\left( {x – 2} \right)^3}\)
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c) \({x^2} – 7xy + 10{y^2} \)
\(= {x^2} – 2xy – 5xy + 10{y^2}\)
\(= x\left( {x – 2y} \right) – 5y\left( {x – 2y} \right)\)
\( = \left( {x – 2y} \right)\left( {x – 5y} \right).\)
d) \({x^4} + 2{x^3} – 4x – 4 \)
\(= \left( {{x^4} – 4} \right) + \left( {2{x^3} – 4x} \right) \)
\(= \left( {{x^2} – 2} \right)\left( {{x^2} + 2} \right) + 2x\left( {{x^2} – 2} \right)\)
\( = \left( {{x^2} – 2} \right)\left( {{x^2} + 2 + 2x} \right) \)
\(= \left( {x – \sqrt 2 } \right)\left( {x + \sqrt 2 } \right)\left( {{x^2} + 2x + 2} \right).\)